Wiki-By-Syukri/IT Sofware Engineering Training/month-01/week-01/day-01/ComputerSystems-Virtualization-LinuxFundamentals-v2.md

## Training and Lab Activity: Computer Systems, Virtualization & Linux Fundamentals

**Target Audience:** Beginners with little to no prior experience in computer systems, virtualization, or Linux.

**Duration:** 2 * 2 Hours (2 * 120 minutes)

### **Hour 1: Computer Systems & Virtualization - The Foundation (60 minutes)**

**Part A: Introduction to Computer System Basics and Network Fundamentals (30 minutes - Lecture/Discussion)**

* **Learning Objectives:**
    * Understand the fundamental components of a computer system.
    * Grasp basic network concepts and their importance.
    * Appreciate the role of operating systems.
* **Content:**
    * **What is a Computer System?**
        * **Hardware:**
            * CPU (Processor): The brain – what it does.
            * RAM (Memory): Short-term storage, speed.
            * Storage (HDD/SSD): Long-term storage, types and differences.
            * Motherboard: The central hub.
            * Input/Output Devices (Keyboard, Mouse, Monitor, Printer).
        * **Software:**
            * Operating System (OS): The manager (Windows, macOS, Linux).
            * Applications: Programs for specific tasks.
    * **Network Fundamentals (Simplified):**
        * What is a network? Why do we need it?
        * Basic components: Routers, Switches, Cables.
        * IP Addresses: Unique identifiers.
        * Client-Server Model (brief overview).
        * The Internet as a global network.
* **Activity:**
    * Quick Q&A: "What's the difference between RAM and a hard drive?"
    * Analogy: Compare a computer system to a human body or a factory.

**Part B: Bare Metal vs Virtualization vs Containerization (30 minutes - Lecture/Discussion)**

* **Learning Objectives:**
    * Differentiate between bare metal, virtualization, and containerization.
    * Understand the core benefits and use cases of each approach.
* **Content:**
    * **Bare Metal:**
        * Definition: OS directly on hardware.
        * Pros: Maximum performance, direct hardware access.
        * Cons: Resource underutilization, difficult to manage multiple applications, hardware dependency.
    * **Virtualization:**
        * Concept: Running multiple virtual machines (VMs) on a single physical host.
        * Hypervisor (Type 1 vs. Type 2 - focus on Type 2 for VirtualBox): The software that manages VMs.
        * Pros: Resource isolation, efficient resource utilization, portability, disaster recovery.
        * Cons: Overhead from hypervisor, slightly lower performance than bare metal.
        * **Analogy:** An apartment building (bare metal) vs. a shared house with separate rooms (virtualization).
    * **Containerization (Brief Overview - for context):**
        * Concept: Lightweight, isolated environments sharing the host OS kernel.
        * Examples: Docker.
        * Pros: Even lighter than VMs, faster startup, highly portable.
        * Cons: Less isolation than VMs, shares host kernel.
        * **Analogy:** Virtualization is a separate house for each family; Containerization is separate apartments within one house.
* **Activity:**
    * Interactive poll: "If you had a powerful server, would you prefer bare metal, virtualization, or containerization for running 10 different applications?" (Discuss why).
    * Quick comparison table on whiteboard (Bare Metal | Virtualization | Containerization) with Pros/Cons.

---

### **Hour 2: Virtualization with VirtualBox - Hands-On (60 minutes)**

**Part A: Overview of Virtualization with VirtualBox (20 minutes - Lecture/Demonstration)**

* **Learning Objectives:**
    * Understand the purpose and benefits of using VirtualBox.
    * Identify key system requirements for running VirtualBox and VMs.
    * Familiarize with the VirtualBox interface.
* **Content:**
    * **Why VirtualBox?**
        * Free, open-source, widely used for personal and small-scale virtualization.
        * Great for learning and testing new OS.
        * Supports a wide range of guest OS.
    * **Benefits of Virtualization (reiterate from Hour 1, specifically for VirtualBox):**
        * Running multiple OS simultaneously.
        * Testing software in isolated environments.
        * Creating snapshots (rollback points).
        * Portability of VMs.
    * **System Requirements for Host Machine:**
        * CPU with virtualization extensions (Intel VT-x/AMD-V).
        * Sufficient RAM (min. 4GB for host + 2GB per VM).
        * Ample disk space (min. 20GB per VM).
    * **VirtualBox Interface Tour:**
        * Main window, toolbar.
        * Global settings.
        * VM settings panes (System, Display, Storage, Network).
* **Demonstration (Trainer):**
    * Launch VirtualBox.
    * Show how to create a new VM (without installing OS yet).
    * Walk through basic VM settings (RAM, CPU cores, disk size).
    * Show how to attach an ISO image to a virtual CD/DVD drive.

**Part B: Lab Activity: Creating a Virtual Machine in VirtualBox (40 minutes - Hands-On)**

* **Learning Objectives:**
    * Successfully create a new virtual machine in VirtualBox.
    * Configure basic VM settings (RAM, CPU, storage).
    * Attach an ISO image to the VM.
* **Activity:**
    * **Step 1: Launch VirtualBox.**
    * **Step 2: Create a New Virtual Machine.**
        * Click "New" to start the VM creation wizard.
        * Name: `MyCentOSVM` (or `MyRHELVM`)
        * Type: `Linux`
        * Version: `Red Hat (64-bit)` (or `CentOS (64-bit)`)
        * Memory size: Set to at least `2048 MB (2 GB)` (adjust based on host RAM).
        * Hard disk: `Create a virtual hard disk now`.
        * Hard disk file type: `VDI (VirtualBox Disk Image)`.
        * Storage on physical hard disk: `Dynamically allocated`.
        * File location and size: Default location, set size to `20 GB` (minimum).
    * **Step 3: Configure VM Settings (Crucial before starting).**
        * Select the newly created VM and click "Settings".
        * **System > Processor:** Enable `PAE/NX` (if available), adjust CPU cores to `2` (if host has enough).
        * **Storage:**
            * Under "Controller: IDE", click the empty CD icon.
            * On the right, click the CD icon again and select "Choose/Create a Virtual Optical Disk...".
            * Navigate to and select the downloaded CentOS/RHEL ISO image.
        * **Network:** (Briefly mention options, keep as NAT for now for simplicity).
    * **Step 4: Verify Settings.**
* **Troubleshooting Tips (Trainer):**
    * "VT-x/AMD-V is not available" error: Explain BIOS/UEFI settings.
    * Insufficient RAM/Disk space messages.
* **Trainer Walk-around:** Provide one-on-one assistance.

---

### **Hour 3: Linux OS Fundamentals (CentOS/RHEL) - Part 1 (60 minutes)**

**Part A: Introduction to Linux (30 minutes - Lecture/Discussion)**

* **Learning Objectives:**
    * Understand the history and philosophy of Linux.
    * Differentiate between various Linux distributions.
    * Explain why CentOS/RHEL is preferred in enterprise environments.
* **Content:**
    * **What is Linux?**
        * Operating system kernel created by Linus Torvalds.
        * Open-source philosophy: Free to use, modify, distribute.
        * Analogy: Linux is the engine, distributions are different car models built around it.
    * **Linux Distributions (brief overview):**
        * **Debian-based:** Ubuntu, Mint (user-friendly, desktops).
        * **Red Hat-based:** RHEL, CentOS, Fedora (enterprise, servers).
        * Other popular ones: SUSE, Arch.
    * **Why CentOS/RHEL for Enterprises?**
        * **Stability and Reliability:** Long-term support (LTS) releases.
        * **Security:** Strong focus on security, regular updates.
        * **Scalability:** Designed for high-performance servers and large deployments.
        * **Support:** RHEL offers paid enterprise support; CentOS was a community-supported rebuild (now CentOS Stream).
        * **Industry Standard:** Widely adopted in data centers and cloud environments.
* **Activity:**
    * Discussion: "Based on what we've learned, why would a company choose RHEL over Ubuntu for their critical servers?"
    * Show a picture of the Linux mascot, Tux.

**Part B: Lab Activity: Installing CentOS/RHEL in VirtualBox (30 minutes - Hands-On)**

* **Learning Objectives:**
    * Successfully start the CentOS/RHEL installation process within the VM.
    * Navigate the installation wizard (basic steps).
* **Activity:**
    * **Step 1: Start the Virtual Machine.**
        * Select `MyCentOSVM` (or `MyRHELVM`) and click "Start".
    * **Step 2: Follow Installation Prompts.**
        * When prompted at the boot screen, select `Install CentOS Linux 7` (or RHEL equivalent) and press Enter.
        * **Language Selection:** Choose your preferred language.
        * **Installation Summary Screen:**
            * **DATE & TIME:** Set your correct time zone.
            * **KEYBOARD:** Set your keyboard layout.
            * **INSTALLATION SOURCE:** Verify it's "Local media".
            * **SOFTWARE SELECTION:** Choose "Minimal Install" for efficiency (we only need command line for basics).
            * **INSTALLATION DESTINATION:**
                * Click on the disk icon.
                * Ensure "Automatically configure partitioning" is selected.
                * Click "Done".
            * **NETWORK & HOSTNAME:** (Optional for this lab, but mention its importance).
        * **BEGIN INSTALLATION.**
    * **Step 3: Set Root Password and Create User (During Installation).**
        * While installation is running, click on `ROOT PASSWORD` and set a strong password (e.g., `Pa$$w0rd!`).
        * Click on `USER CREATION` and create a standard user (e.g., `student` with password `password`). Make this user an administrator by checking "Make this user administrator".
    * **Troubleshooting Tips (Trainer):**
        * VM not booting from ISO: Recheck Storage settings.
        * Cursor stuck: Ctrl+Right Alt (or Host key) to release.
* **Trainer Walk-around:** Ensure everyone is successfully installing. *Note: Installation might take some time.*

---

### **Hour 4: Linux OS Fundamentals (CentOS/RHEL) - Part 2 & Lab (60 minutes)**

**Part A: Basic Commands, File System Structure, and User Permission Concepts (30 minutes - Lecture/Demonstration)**

* **Learning Objectives:**
    * Execute fundamental Linux commands.
    * Understand the hierarchical Linux file system structure.
    * Grasp basic user and file permission concepts.
* **Content:**
    * **Booting into CentOS/RHEL:**
        * First boot after installation.
        * Login screen (text-based for minimal install).
        * Logging in as the `student` user.
    * **The Linux Command Line Interface (CLI):**
        * What is a shell? (Bash).
        * Prompt: `username@hostname ~$`
    * **Essential Basic Commands:**
        * `pwd`: Print working directory.
        * `ls`: List directory contents (`ls -l`, `ls -a`).
        * `cd`: Change directory (`cd ..`, `cd ~`, `cd /`).
        * `mkdir`: Make directory.
        * `touch`: Create empty file.
        * `cat`: Display file content.
        * `cp`: Copy files/directories.
        * `mv`: Move/rename files/directories.
        * `rm`: Remove files (`rm -rf` - caution!).
        * `clear`: Clear screen.
        * `history`: Command history.
        * `man`: Manual pages (e.g., `man ls`).
    * **Linux File System Hierarchy (Simplified):**
        * `/`: Root directory.
        * `/bin`: Essential user binaries.
        * `/etc`: Configuration files.
        * `/home`: User home directories.
        * `/var`: Variable data (logs, mail).
        * `/tmp`: Temporary files.
        * `/dev`: Device files.
        * `/proc`: Process information.
    * **User and File Permissions (Basic Concepts):**
        * Users: `root` (administrator), `standard user`.
        * Groups.
        * Permissions: Read (r), Write (w), Execute (x).
        * Owner, Group, Others.
        * `ls -l` output interpretation (e.g., `drwxr-xr-x`).
        * `chmod` (brief mention, not for deep dive).
        * `sudo`: Running commands as root.
* **Demonstration (Trainer):**
    * Live demo of each command in a terminal.
    * Navigate through different parts of the file system.
    * Show `ls -l` output and explain permissions.

**Part B: Lab Activity: Basic Linux Commands and Navigation (30 minutes - Hands-On)**

* **Learning Objectives:**
    * Log in to the CentOS/RHEL VM.
    * Practice common file system navigation commands.
    * Create, modify, and delete files/directories.
    * Use `sudo` for administrative tasks.
* **Activity:**
    * **Step 1: Log in to your CentOS/RHEL VM.**
        * If the installation finished, reboot the VM.
        * At the login prompt, type `student` and press Enter, then enter your password (`password`).
    * **Step 2: Explore the File System.**
        * `pwd` (should be `/home/student`)
        * `ls -l`
        * `cd /`
        * `ls -l` (observe root directory contents)
        * `cd /etc`
        * `ls`
        * `cd /home/student` (or `cd ~`)
    * **Step 3: Create and Manage Files/Directories.**
        * `mkdir my_first_directory`
        * `cd my_first_directory`
        * `touch my_file.txt`
        * `ls -l`
        * `echo "Hello Linux!" > my_file.txt` (brief intro to redirection)
        * `cat my_file.txt`
        * `mkdir another_dir`
        * `cp my_file.txt another_dir/`
        * `cd another_dir`
        * `ls`
        * `mv my_file.txt renamed_file.txt`
        * `ls`
        * `rm renamed_file.txt`
        * `cd ..`
        * `rmdir another_dir` (will fail if not empty, good teaching point)
        * `rm -rf another_dir` (demonstrate, but warn about `rm -rf`)
        * `ls`
    * **Step 4: Practice with `sudo`.**
        * `sudo ls /root` (should prompt for `student`'s password, then show root's home directory).
        * `sudo touch /testfile.txt` (create a file in root, then `sudo rm /testfile.txt`)
        * `ls -l /` (verify file creation/deletion).
    * **Step 5: Use `man` pages.**
        * `man ls`
        * Press `q` to quit the man page.
* **Troubleshooting Tips (Trainer):**
    * Command not found errors: Typo, or not installed (unlikely for basic commands).
    * Permission denied: Try with `sudo`.
* **Wrap-up & Q&A:**
    * Review key takeaways from the entire 4 hours.
    * Answer any remaining questions.
    * Provide resources for further learning (online tutorials, books).

---

**Post-Training Resources (Optional Handout/Email):**

* **VirtualBox Documentation:** [https://www.virtualbox.org/manual/](https://www.virtualbox.org/manual/)
* **CentOS Official Site:** [https://www.centos.org/](https://www.centos.org/)
* **RHEL Documentation:** [https://access.redhat.com/documentation/en-us/red_hat_enterprise_linux/](https://access.redhat.com/documentation/en-us/red_hat_enterprise_linux/)
* **Linux Command Line Cheat Sheets:** Search online for "Linux basic commands cheat sheet".
* **Recommended Online Courses:** Coursera, Udemy, edX for Linux fundamentals.

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This structured plan provides a good balance of theoretical knowledge and hands-on experience, essential for beginners to grasp these foundational concepts. Remember to encourage questions and walk around to assist participants during lab activities.